Rob,
What an exciting vehicle! The original starter is actually a starter-generator, while running it runs as a generator & is driven by the timing gear train, but for starting there is a shifting mechanism that engages a drive gear with the flywheel. The electrical system is amazingly complicated.
Be careful in freeing the engine, even though it is a big robust car the castings are very thin & fragile. The transmission also is fragile & can break its case easily if something jams.
I can supply a photocopy of the illustrated parts book & maybe the owner's manual for the 1912 Cadillac car if you need them.
Jack
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